Interestingly, in the group of individuals who experienced only HBV illness, the most common risk factor was periodontal operation (28.8%), whereas intravenous drug abuse was really low in this group (3%) compared to HCV-co-infected individuals. == Table 1. were acquired. Antibodies against HBV, HCV, and HIV, levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and conversion from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) were evaluated. == Results == Of 264 individuals with chronic HBV with this study, 184 individuals (70%) were males and 78 individuals (30%) were ladies. Only 1 1 patient (0.37%) was positive for anti-HIV antibody, whereas 12 individuals (4.54%) were positive for anti-HCV antibody. None of the individuals experienced co-infection with all 3 viruses (HBV, HIV, and HCV). == Conclusions == This study demonstrated the prevalence of HCV is definitely higher than that of HIV in chronic HBV individuals. Since HCV or HIV co-infection affects the restorative end result in chronic HBV individuals, screening for HIV and HCV is recommended, especially for individuals with a history of risky behavior. Keywords:Epidemiology Frequency, Human being Immunodeficiency Disease, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Co-infection == 1. Background == Human being immunodeficiency disease (HIV), hepatitis C disease (HCV), and hepatitis B disease (HBV) are among the most important infectious Pyrithioxin providers in the world and are regarded as a noteworthy problem. These viruses possess related epidemiologic properties and transmission routes. About 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with HBV and about 350 million are chronically infected [1]. In 1979, the prevalence of HBV Pyrithioxin was 2.2-7% in the Iranian human population [2], but according to recent reports, the prevalence of HBV in Iran has decreased to less than 2% [3]. HCV offers infected 170 million people, approximately 3% of the world human population [4]. Relating to a recent study, 0.093% of the Iranian blood donor human population is infected with HCV [5]. This illness progresses into chronic disease and eventually prospects to cirrhosis and sometimes hepatocellular carcinoma. HIV is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS and although there has been significant progress in analysis, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease, a preventive vaccine or complete cure for this disease remains out of sight. Just in 2007, 2 million people died because of AIDS; in the same yr, 2.7 million people were infected by this virus [6]. Of the blood donor human population in Iran, 0.003% are infected Pyrithioxin with this virus [5]. Pyrithioxin Almost one third of HIV-infected individuals in Europe and America are co-infected with HCV, and 10% of HIV-infected individuals are co-infected with HBV [7]. In a recent study performed in Iran, experts found that the seroprevalence in the general human population was 0.56% for HBV, 0.13% for HCV, and 0.004% for HIV [8]. With regard to co-infections, most studies in Iran have been performed on inmates or hospitalized drug abusers. These studies showed that HBV-HCV co-infection is definitely frequent, whereas triple co-infection was by no means observed [9][10][11]. Co-infection of HBV with HCV or HIV could play a critical role in the course of the disease and efficacy effectiveness of treatment [7]. Consequently, evaluation of chronic HBV individuals for co-infection with HCV or HIV offers great importance for physicians in choosing a treatment routine and in considering disease progression == 2. Objectives == There is scarce information within the prevalence of co-infection with HCV or HIV in Iranian chronic HBV individuals. This study intended to evaluate the prevalence of co-infection with HCV or HIV in chronic HBV individuals who were referred to JMS the Gastrointestinal and Liver Ward of the Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran. == 3. Individuals and Methods == Two hundred and sixty four chronic hepatitis B individuals who were individuals in the Gastrointestinal and Liver Ward of the Taleghani Hospital between 2006 and 2010 were enrolled in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Written educated consent was from all individuals previous enrollment with this study. After obtaining each patient’s demographic info and records of any risky behavior, including intravenous drug abuse, dangerous sexual contacts, cupping, hemodialysis, blood transfusion, tattooing, needle stick injury, dentistry procedures, and use of shared razors, blood specimens were Pyrithioxin collected from each patient. Serum was separated from whole blood and tested for the level of liver enzymes, e.g., alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), by using an auto-analyzer (Liasys, Germany). The rest of the blood sample was stored at -70C for further serologic checks. For confirmation of HBV illness, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique (Diapro, Italy) was utilized for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B core protein antibody (anti-HBcAb). To determine the status of conversion from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) in individuals, we used an ELISA technique (Diapro) designed for HBeAg and anti-HBeAb. In the next phase of this study, the infection of these individuals with HIV and HCV was assessed using an ELISA technique (Diapro) for the presence of anti-HCV and anti-HIV 1 and 2 antibodies. Samples having a positive result were tested again for.
Interestingly, in the group of individuals who experienced only HBV illness, the most common risk factor was periodontal operation (28